1. Kuthira madzi

Cholimba chikakhudzana ndi madzi, cholimba choyambirira / gasi ndi mawonekedwe amadzimadzi / gasi amatha ndipo mawonekedwe olimba / amadzi amapangidwa. Izi zimatchedwa kunyowetsa. Mwachitsanzo, ulusi wa nsalu ndi chinthu chokhwima kwambiri. Njira yothetsera vutoli ikafalikira pamalopo, imalowera pakati pa ulusi ndikuyendetsa mpweya, ndikusintha mawonekedwe oyambira amlengalenga / mawonekedwe amadzimadzi. Imeneyi ndi njira yonyowetsera wamba; pomwe yankho lilowa mu fiber nthawi yomweyo, njirayi imatchedwa kulowa. Ma Surfactants omwe amathandizira kunyowetsa ndi kulowa amalowetsedwa amatchedwa ma wetting ndi ma penetrants.

2. Emulsification

Emulsification amatanthauza zamadzimadzi ziwiri zosavomerezeka (monga mafuta ndi madzi), imodzi mwa iyo imapangidwa ndi kugawa mosakanikirana tinthu tating'onoting'ono (tinthu tating'onoting'ono 10-8 ~ 10-5m) mumadzimadzi ena Udindo wa emulsion. Madontho amafuta omwe amabalalika m'madzi amatchedwa emulsion yamafuta amadzi (O / W), ndipo madontho amadzi omwe amabalalika m'mafuta amatchedwa emulsions am'madzi (W / O). Ochita opaleshoni omwe angathandize emulsification amatchedwa emulsifiers. Ma Surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati emulsifiers ali ndi ntchito ziwiri: kukhazikika ndi chitetezo.

 

(1) Kukhazikika

Emulsifier imathandizira kuchepetsa kusamvana pakati pamadzimadzi awiriwa kuti akhazikitse dongosolo losakanikirana. Izi ndichifukwa choti mafuta (kapena madzi) akamwazikana tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri m'madzi (kapena mafuta), malo olumikizirana pakati pawo amakula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu zadongosolo lino zitheke komanso dziko losakhazikika. Pamene emulsifier yawonjezedwa, gulu la lipophilic la emulsifier molekyulu limasindikizidwa pamwamba pamadontho amafuta pomwe gulu lama hydrophilic limafikira m'madzi, ndipo limalumikizana pamwamba pamadontho amafuta kuti apange hydrophilic molecular film, yomwe amachepetsa kukangana kwamafuta / madzi, komwe kumachepetsa mphamvu zamagetsi ndikuchepetsa kukopa pakati pamadontho amafuta, kuteteza madontho amafuta kuti asadzikundikire ndikugawikanso magawo awiri.

(2) Chitetezo

Kanema wam'manja wopangika wopangidwa ndi wogwira ntchito pamwamba pamadontho amafuta ndi filimu yolimba yoteteza yomwe ingalepheretse madontho amafuta kuti asagundane ndi kusonkhana. Ngati ndi filimu yolembedwa yopanga ndi ionic surfactant, madontho amafuta amathanso kulipidwa mtundu womwewo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azikondana ndikuletsa madontho amafuta kusonkhana nthawi zambiri.

 

3. kutsuka kuchotsa mphamvu

Chifukwa cha mphamvu ya emulsification ya wogwira ntchitoyo, mafuta ndi tinthu tating'onoting'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala tolimba zimatha kusungika bwino ndikubalalika mumayendedwe amadzimadzi, ndipo sizidzaikidwanso pamalo otsukidwa kuti apange kuipitsanso.

Njira yochotsera mafuta am'madzi ikufotokozedwa pansipa kuti iwonetse gawo la opanga mafunde. Mafuta amadzimadzi amafalikira poyambira pamtunda. Anthu ochita mafunde akawonjezeredwa, chifukwa chakumangika kwapansi pake, yankho lamadzimadzi lomwe limagwira ntchitoyo limafalikira mwachangu pamtunda wolimba ndikunyowetsa zolimba, ndipo pang'onopang'ono limalowetsa zipsera zamafuta. Madontho amafuta amafalikira pamalo olimba pang'onopang'ono amapindika m'madontho amafuta (mawonekedwe olumikizana pang'onopang'ono amakula, kusintha kuchokera kunyowetsa mpaka osanyowetsa).

 

Kubalalika kwa 4.suspension

Njira yobalalitsa zolimba zosasungunuka kukhala yankho ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono kwambiri kuti apange kuyimitsidwa kumatchedwa kupezeka. Wogwiritsa ntchito mafunde omwe amalimbikitsa kufalikira kwa zolimba ndikupanga kuyimitsidwa kolimba amatchedwa dispersant. M'malo mwake, mafuta olimba kwambiri akapatsidwa mphamvu ndikubalalika mu yankho, zimakhala zovuta kusiyanitsa ngati njira inayake ndi emulsification kapena kupezeka, ndipo emulsifier ndi dispersant nthawi zambiri zimakhala chinthu chomwecho, chifukwa chake muwagwiritse ntchito. Emulsifying ndi kupezeka wothandizila.

Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito omwazika ndiyofanana ndi ya emulsifiers. Kusiyanitsa ndikuti magawo omwazika olimba nthawi zambiri amakhala osakhazikika kuposa madontho osakanizidwa.

 

5.foaming zotsatira

Mkhalidwe wamafuta wobalalika m'madzi amatchedwa kuwira. Ngati madzi ena ake ndiosavuta kupanga kanema ndipo nkovuta kuthyoka, madziwo amatulutsa thovu lambiri likapunthwa. Chithovu chitapangidwa, mpweya / madzi omwe ali pamwamba pake amakula kwambiri, ndikupangitsa kuti dongosololi lisasunthike, motero thovu limakhala losavuta kuphulika. Wogwirizirawo akawonjezeredwa ku yankho, mamolekyulu othamangawo amalumikizidwa pa mawonekedwe amafuta / amadzimadzi, omwe samangochepetsa kukangana kwapakati pamagawo am'magazi / amadzimadzi, komanso amapanganso kanema wama monomolecular wokhala ndi mphamvu inayake yopanga thovu zovuta kuphulika.

Mayankho osasunthika amadzimadzi amakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yakuwala. Nthawi zambiri, opanga ma anionic amakhala ndi zinthu zolimba zophulika thobvu, pomwe osagwiritsa ntchito ma nonionic amakhala ndi zofowoka zochepa, makamaka akagwiritsa ntchito pamwamba pamtambo.

Chifukwa chakuti thovu limakhudza kwambiri dothi, kulimba kwa kutsuka kumayendetsedwa bwino, ndipo kumathandizanso kuti dothi lisabwererenso pamwamba pa chinthucho. Chifukwa chake, anthu nthawi zonse amaganiza kuti zotsekemera zokhala ndi malo abwino okhala ndi thovu zili ndi kuthekera kwamphamvu kochotseratu. Chifukwa chake, zotsukira zamadzi zambiri zimachepetsa kukakamizidwa kwa jet pump ndipo sizothandiza kutsuka. Chifukwa chake, mitundu yopanda thovu yopanda ionic iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pankhaniyi. Zosagwirizana.

 

6.solubilization

Kusungunuka kumatanthawuza zotsatira za opanga mafunde kuti achulukitse kusungunuka kwa zinthu zosungunuka kapena zosungunuka m'madzi. Mwachitsanzo, kusungunuka kwa benzene m'madzi ndi 0.09% (kachigawo kakang'ono). Ngati opanga ma surfactants (monga sodium oleate) awonjezeredwa, kusungunuka kwa benzene Ikhoza kuchulukitsidwa mpaka 10%.

Mphamvu ya solubilization ndiyosakanikirana ndi micelles yopangidwa ndi opanga mafunde m'madzi. Micelles ndi micelles yopangidwa ndi maunyolo a hydrocarbon m'mamolekyulu othamanga omwe amayenda limodzi mu yankho lamadzi chifukwa cha kulumikizana kwa hydrophobic. Mkati mwa micelle mulinso ma hydrocarbon amadzimadzi, chifukwa chake zinthu zopanda polar monga ma benzene ndi mafuta amchere osungunuka m'madzi ndizosavuta kusungunuka mu micelle. Kusungunuka ndi njira ya micelles kusungunula zinthu za lipophilic. Ndi wapadera zotsatira za surfactants. Chifukwa chake, pokhapokha anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njirayi atakhala pamwamba pa micelle, pamakhala mayankho akulu. Kusungunuka kumachitika pokhapokha nthawiyo, ndikukula kwa micelle voliyumu, kumawonjezera mphamvu yosungunulira.

Solubilization ndi yosiyana ndi emulsification. Emulsification ndi njira yokhazikika komanso yosakhazikika yomwe imapezeka pobalalitsa gawo lamadzi (kapena gawo lina lamadzi), pomwe kusungunuka kumapangitsa kuti njira yothetsera vutoli ndi zinthu zosungunuka zili mgulu limodzi lokhazikika komanso lokhazikika limodzi gawo. Nthawi zina wogwira ntchito mofananamo amakhala ndi emulsification komanso solubilization zotsatira, koma pokha pokha pomwe ndende yake ili pamwambamwamba mwa micelle imatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zosungunuka.

 

7.ofewa komanso osalala

Mamolekyu othamanga akamalumikizana pamwamba pa nsaluyo, cholumikizira cholimba cha nsalu chitha kuchepetsedwa. Monga alkyl polyol polyoxyethylene ether, liniya alkyl mafuta acid polyoxyethylene ether ndi ena osagwiritsa ntchito maonionic ndi mitundu ingapo yamafactactants a cationic amathandizira kuchepetsa kukhazikika kwa nsalu yolumikizana, kuti itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati yofewetsa nsalu. Ma Surfactants okhala ndi ma alkyl a nthambi kapena magulu onunkhira sangathe kupanga chitsogozo chowoneka bwino pamwamba pa nsalu, chifukwa chake sioyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ngati chofewetsera.

 

8. Chidziwitso

Ena opanga ma anionic surfactants ndi quaternary ammonium salt cationic surfactants ndiosavuta kuyamwa madzi ndikupanga njira yothetsera mawonekedwe pamwamba pa nsalu, chifukwa chake amakhala ndi zotsutsana ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati antistatic othandizira nsalu zama fiber. 9. bactericidal zotsatira

Quaternary ammonium bactericides ali ndi zida za ma ionic. Amasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi koma osasungunuka osakhala polar, ndipo amakhala ndi zinthu zokhazikika zamankhwala. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito mabakiteriya amtunduwu makamaka ndimphamvu yamagetsi, mphamvu yolumikizana ndi haidrojeni ndi kulumikizana kwa hydrophobic pakati pa mamolekyulu othamanga ndi mamolekyulu a mapuloteni, ndi zina zambiri, kutsatsa mabakiteriya oyipa ndikuwapangitsa kuti asonkhane pakhoma la cell, ndikupangitsa lysis ndi kupanga . Chipindacho chimapangitsa kukula kwa mabakiteriya kukhala oletsedwa komanso kufa. Nthawi yomweyo, gulu lake la hydrophobic alkyl limathanso kulumikizana ndi hydrophilic gulu la mabakiteriya kuti lisinthe kufalikira kwa nembanemba, kenako nkuchita lysis, kuwononga kapangidwe ka ma cell, ndikupangitsa kuti maselo asungunuke ndi kufa. Mtundu uwu wa fungicides umakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, kawopsedwe kochepa, palibe kudzikundikira, kawopsedwe koyenera ka nsomba, sikukhudzidwa mosavuta ndi kusintha kwa pH, ndikosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, kumakhudza kwambiri masanjidwe am'madzi, ndipo kumakhala ndi mankhwala okhazikika, kupezeka ndi dzimbiri chopinga Ntchito yabwino ndi zina.

Chiyambire kupezeka kwa bactericidal zotsatira za cationic surfactants mu 1935, mibadwo 4 mpaka 6 ya quaternary ammonium salt mankhwala opangidwa mpaka pano. M'badwo woyamba ndi alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium mankhwala enaake, cetyl trimethyl ammonium mankhwala enaake, etc.; m'badwo wachiwiri ndiwomwe umachokera m'badwo woyamba, womwe umachitika pa mphete ya benzene kapena nayitrogeni ya quaternary ya mchere wa quaternary ammonium Wopezedwa ndikusintha m'malo mwake: m'badwo wachitatu ndi dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, monga didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, ndi zina .; m'badwo wachinayi ndi chinthu chophatikizika cha m'badwo woyamba ndi wachitatu; Omasulidwa ngati ma quaternary amchere amtundu wa quaternary monga: ethylene bis (dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide), ndi a ma gemini kapena ma dimer a ma surfactants.

Quaternary ammonium bactericide sikuti imangokhala ndi zotsatira za bakiteriya, komanso imathandizira pakhungu. Itha kupha mabakiteriya omwe amachepetsa sulphate omwe amakula pansi pake. Ilinso ndi mphamvu yoletsa dzimbiri komanso yolumikizana ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi othandizira ena. Ambiri ndi 1227 (dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), 1231 (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide, 1427 (khumi ndi anayi Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, tetradeconi