Malinga ndi njira yamagulu amafuta yamafuta, oyambitsa mafuta amatha kugawidwa ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pobowola, opangira ma migodi, opanga mafunde kuti akolole zokolola, opangira mafunde pamafuta amafuta ndi gasi, ndi othandizira madzi, ndi zina zambiri.

 

Surfactant pobowola

Kuchuluka kwa opanga ma surfactants pobowola (kuphatikiza kuboola mankhwala amadzimadzi ndi ma simixtures amchere amafuta) ndiye wamkulu kwambiri, owerengera pafupifupi 60% ya ma surfactants onse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'minda yamafuta. Kuchuluka kwa opanga mafunde kuti mafuta abwezeretsedwe ndi ochepa, koma luso lake ndilopamwamba. Kuchuluka kwake kumawerengera 1/3 ya okwana onse ogwira ntchito m'minda yamafuta. Mitundu iwiriyi ya mankhwala imakhala yofunika kwambiri kwa opanga mafunde m'minda yamafuta.

 

Pakadali pano, kafukufuku wothandizila pobowola madzimadzi padziko lonse lapansi wapanga "zipilala zitatu" ku United States, Russia ndi China. United States ikutenga zinthu zingapo zatsopano za polima ngati chinthu chofufuzira. Russia idakhazikitsidwa makamaka pamalingaliro oti "zopangira ndizotsika mtengo komanso zosavuta kuzipeza", ndi zinyalala zosiyanasiyana za mafakitale. Kafukufuku waku China akuwunikira kugwiritsa ntchito kwathunthu kwa zinthu zopangira zachikhalidwe ndikupanga ma polima atsopano (kuphatikiza ma monomers).

Kafukufuku wofufuza zakumwa zakumwa zakumwa zakunja ndiwodziwika kwambiri, ndiye kuti, zinthu zosiyanasiyana kutengera ma polima opanga omwe ali ndi magulu a sulfonic acid, amenenso ndi malangizo amtsogolo.

 

Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1990, mbadwo watsopano wa polima 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) opangidwa ndi ma pololymer ambiri wakhala woimira othandizira pobowola mankhwala amadzimadzi. Kuphulika kwapangidwe kwapangidwa mu mitundu yamagetsi yochepetsa mamasukidwe akayendedwe, zotaya zotaya madzi ndi mafuta. Makamaka m'zaka zaposachedwa, opanga ma polymeric akumwa zoledzeretsa okhala ndi mawonekedwe amtambo akhala akudziwika ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'minda yonse yamafuta am'nyumba komanso mndandanda wa makina obowola mowa amadzimadzi.

Kuphatikiza apo, madzi obowoleza a methyl gluconate ndi glycerin apeza zotsatira zabwino pakugwiritsa ntchito kumunda, kuwonetsa chiyembekezo chabwino chogwiritsa ntchito ndikulimbikitsa kukonza kwa opanga mafunde pobowola madzi. Pakadali pano, wothandizila ku China wakubowoleza madzimadzi wakula mpaka magulu 18, mitundu masauzande, ndikumwa matani pafupifupi 300,000 pachaka.

 

M'zaka za m'ma 1980, mafuta opangira simenti adayamba msanga mzaka za m'ma 1980, ndipo zinthu zingapo zidapangidwa pang'onopang'ono. Pakukula kwazinthu zatsopano, zida zopangira ma polima nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofufuzira zomwe amakonda; mu 1993, simenti zonse zamafuta ku China zidasinthidwa kukhala mndandanda womwe umakwaniritsa miyezo ya API. The mankhwala ndi admixtures apanga mofulumira. Kampaniyo bwinobwino anayamba wapadera mafuta bwino simenti dispersant SAF (suloni acetone formaldehyde polycondensate), amene ali pafupi kwambiri ndi cementing khalidwe ndi ikukoka chitetezo wosanjikiza. Coagulants, retarders ndi zomatira zowonjezera othandizira awonetsanso kukula bwino, ndikupanga chophatikizira cha mafuta chabwino cha simenti. Pakadali pano, yasintha kukhala mitundu yoposa 200 yamagulu 11, ndi kuchuluka kwa matani zikwi zingapo pachaka.

 

Surfactant mafuta kuchira

Pali mitundu yocheperako komanso kuchuluka kwa ma surfactants kuti mafuta abwezeretsedwe poyerekeza ndi oyambitsa ma pobowola, makamaka acidification ndi zinthu zophulika. Pakati pa opanga ma fracture, ma gelling agents afufuzidwa kuti asinthe nkhama zachilengedwe zamasamba ndi mapadi, komanso ma polima angapo opanga monga polyacrylamide.

M'zaka zaposachedwa, mayiko akunja atukuka pang'onopang'ono m'magawo a opanga ma acid acid. Cholinga cha kafukufuku ndi chitukuko ndikukula kwa zoletsa dzimbiri za acidification. Amadziwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zidalipo kuti zisinthe kapena kuphatikizira dzimbiri. Zopangira ndizopangira sizopanda poizoni kapena poizoni wochepa, ndipo zinthuzo zimakhala ndi kusungunuka kwa mafuta / madzi kapena kupezeka kwamadzi.

Amines, quaternary ammonium ndipo maacetylenic alcohol ali ndi zoletsa zowononga zambiri, ndipo aldehyde dzimbiri zoletsa sizinapangidwe kwenikweni chifukwa cha kawopsedwe kawo. Corrosion inhibitors nawonso ndi ma dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid ndi ma molekyulu amine (ethylamine, propylamine, C8-18 primary amine, oleic acid diethanolamide), ndi emulsifiers ndi mafuta-mu-mafuta emulsifiers.

Makamaka, m'zaka zaposachedwa, kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito zakumwa zamadzimadzi ku China sikunali kokwanira, ndipo kupita patsogolo pang'ono kwachitika. Kuphatikiza pa zoletsa dzimbiri zophulika zamadzimadzi a acidification pakukula, pali mitundu ina yambiri, yambiri yomwe ndi amine (chachikulu amines, yachiwiri amines, maphunziro apamwamba amines, quaternary amide kapena mankhwala awo), imidazoline ndi zotumphukiranso ndimagulu amadzimadzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

 

Szopangira mafuta ndi gasi

Kafukufuku, chitukuko ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka opanga mafunde opanga mafuta ndi gasi komanso mayendedwe ku China adayamba mzaka za 1960, ndipo pakadali pano pali mitundu 14 ndi zinthu mazana. Pakati pawo, mafuta osakanizika ndiwo mafuta akuluakulu, ndipo pachaka amafunika pafupifupi matani 20,000. China idapanga zopangira ma demulsifier zamafuta osiyanasiyana, mitundu yambiri yafika padziko lonse lapansi m'ma 1990; pomwe kutsanulira zodzikongoletsera, zoyenda bwino, zopewera kutulutsa mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi zinthu zotsutsana ndi sera ndizochepa, ndipo zambiri ndizopanga zinthu zovuta, mafuta osakomoka osiyanasiyana ali ndi zofunikira komanso zovuta pakapangidwe kazinthu zatsopano chifukwa cha zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhumudwitsa , kusintha kwa madzi, kuchepetsa mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi kuchotsa sera.

 

Surfactant mafuta m'munda mankhwala 

. Wothandizira mankhwala amadzi ku Oilfield ndi mtundu wofunikira wamafuta opangira mafuta. Mlingo wapachaka wamagetsi osiyanasiyana opangira madzi ndiwoposa matani 60,000, omwe opanga ma surfactant amakhala pafupifupi 40%, ngakhale opanga mafunde mumafuta am'madzi oyeserera Kufunikirako ndi kwakukulu kwambiri, koma pali kafukufuku wowerengeka wama surfactant othandizira madzi ku China. Mitundu ya opanga mafunde pakampani yamafuta amafuta satha, ndipo zambiri mwazinthuzi zimatumizidwa kuchokera kumakampani opanga mankhwala amadzi, koma chifukwa chamadzi am'mafuta. Kuphatikizika kwa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsidwa mwachindunji kuchokera kumafakitale am'madzi osagwira ntchito sizigwira ntchito, nthawi zina sizothandiza, ndipo palibe woyeserera woyeserera madzi m'mafuta. Kafukufuku wakunja wokhudza opanga mafunde pakumwa madzi amathandizanso kwambiri pakupanga ma flocculants, ndipo pali zinthu zambiri zopangidwa, koma sizithandizo zambiri zonyamula zonyamula mafuta ndi gasi.

 

Surfactant mafuta kuchira

Ubwino wazinthu zopangika pamafuta apamwamba kuti mafuta abwezeretsedwe kumayiko akunja ndi okhazikika komanso kuchuluka kwakapangidwe kake ndi kwakukulu. Pakadali pano, mitundu ina ya opanga mafunde ndi ma polima osunthira mafuta apangidwa ku China, koma sangakwaniritse zosowa zakuthira mafuta. Kupanga kwapachaka kwa ma alkylbenzenes olemera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta osagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi ochepera matani 20,000, omwe ndi ovuta kukwaniritsa zosowa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ma molekyulu ndi magawano ake sioyenera kwa opanga mafunde omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta osunthira.

Ngakhale ntchito yayikulu yachitidwa pa wogwira ntchitoyo, sichingakwaniritse zosowa za kusefukira kwamafuta, ndipo pali zovuta pakulima komanso mtundu wazogulitsa. Daqing, Shengli, Liaohe, Dagang ndi minda ina yamafuta yakwaniritsa kale kusefukira kwa ma polima, Daqing Oilfield yamanga chomera cha polyacrylamide chotulutsa matani 57,000 pachaka, ndipo Shengli Oilfield yamanga chomera cha polyacrylamide chomwe chimatulutsa matani oposa 20,000 pachaka.

Mabizinesi ena opanga amatha kupanga zoposa 100,000 t / chaka. Zomwe zikufunika pachaka kwa polima posamutsa mafuta ndi matani zikwizikwi. Mulingo wake ukhoza kuthana ndi zosowa, koma mtundu wazogulitsa (monga kuchuluka kwa ma molekyulu) Palibenso kusiyana pakati pake ndi kusungunuka, kutentha kwa kutentha ndi kukwanira mchere. Mwa ena omwe amagwira ntchito m'minda yamafuta, opangira maukadaulo apamwamba ndiwo mankhwala abwino kwambiri.