1. Wosachita bwino

Pali mitundu yambiri yamagetsi. Malinga ndi zomwe atulutsa, ndi: anionic 56%, non-ionic 36%, zwitterionic 5%, ndi cation 3%.

2. Anionic Surfactant

2.1 Anionic surfactant sulfonate. Kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamtunduwu ndi alkylbenzene sulfonate ndi sodium α-alkenyl sulfonate. Sodium linear alkyl benzene sulfonate, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti LAS kapena ABS, ndi ufa wonyezimira kapena wonyezimira wonyezimira kapena wolimba, wosungunuka m'madzi, ngakhale uli ndi kusungunuka kwamadzi kotentha, komanso kusungunuka kwake m'madzi kutentha kumakhala pansi pa 3. Koma imakhala yosungunuka bwino pamakina opanga mafunde.

Alpha-alkenyl sodium sulfonate imadziwikanso kuti AOS. Zomwe zili 38% -40%, mawonekedwe ake ndi madzi achikaso owonekera, osungunuka mosavuta m'madzi. Ili ndi bata lokhazikika pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya pH. Zimakwiya pang'ono pakhungu ndipo kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi 100%. Pakati pawo, LAS nthawi zambiri sagwiritsidwa ntchito mu shampoo, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri mumadzi osamba. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochapa zovala ndi zotsekemera (zotsekemera zam'madzi zam'madzi). LAS mu detergent imatha kuwerengera pafupifupi theka la opanga ma surfactant, ndipo kusintha kwenikweni kwa kuchuluka kwa LA mu zotsekemera zamadzimadzi ndizovala kwambiri.

AOS imagwira bwino ntchito pakati pa mitundu ya sulfonate. Ili ndi zabwino zama sulfonate wamba kapena zabwino zake ndizodziwika kwambiri, popanda zolakwika za sulfonates wamba. AOS ndi imodzi mwazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga shampu ndi zakumwa zam'madzi. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ena ochotsera madzi kudzawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono pozindikira kugulitsa kwamalonda (kuchepetsa mitengo). Ubwino wapadera wa AOS ndikukhazikika, kusungunuka kwamadzi bwino, kuyanjana bwino, kukwiya pang'ono, ndi kuwonongeka koyenera kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono; Chosavuta ndichakuti mtengo wake ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri pakati pa ochita ma anionic.

2.2 Anionic surfactant sulphate

Omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito motere ndi mafuta oledzera polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulphate ndi sodium lauryl sulphate. Mafuta amadzimadzi polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulphate ndi dzina loti AES, mowa ether sodium sulfate. Imasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi, mawonekedwe ake ndi owoneka achikaso owoneka bwino (osunthika) pomwe zomwe zili ndi 70%, ndikukhazikika kumakhala kotsika poyerekeza ndi ma sulfonate wamba. Amathamangitsidwa ndi hydrolyzed mwachangu pansi pa pH4, koma amakhala ndi bata lokhazikika lama hydrolytic m'malo amchere.

Sodium lauryl sulphate imadziwikanso monga AS, K12, sodium cocoyl sulphate, sodium lauryl sulphate, wochita thobvu. Imasungunuka m'madzi, ndipo kusungunuka kwamadzi pa 25 ° C pafupifupi 15, koma kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka kwamadzi ndikotsika kuposa AES. Sichimvetsetsa madzi amchere komanso olimba, koma kukhazikika pansi pazoyipa ndikotsika kwa sulfonate wamba, pafupi ndi AES, kutentha kwanthawi yayitali sikuyenera kupitirira 95 ℃, mkwiyo uli pakatikati pa surfactant, 10% yankho la mkwiyo 3.3, wotsika kwambiri kuposa AES, wotsika kuposa LAS.

AES itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga shampu, madzi osamba, madzi otsukira kutsuka (madzi otsukira kutsuka), ndi zotsekemera zamadzi zovala. Pogwiritsa ntchito, ngati pH index quality ikuloleza, mtengo wa pH uyenera kusinthidwa momwe ungathere, monga kusaloŵerera ndale kapena zamchere. Ma AES akagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa pH (mu shampoo), mchere wake wa ethanolamine umagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Kusungunuka kwamadzi kwa AES ndikwabwino kuposa kwa AS; Itha kukonzedwa mgawo lililonse lamayendedwe amadzi otentha kutentha. AES sikuti imagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitilira muyeso wa zotsekemera zamadzi kuposa LAS, komanso imagwirizana bwino; itha kuphatikizidwa ndi opanga ma surfactant ambiri mumakanema osakanikirana kapena angapo kuti apange yankho lowoneka bwino lamadzi. Pakati pa opanga maopareshoni, AES imakhala gawo lachitatu pazotulutsa, ndipo mtengo wake ndi wotsika kuposa wa AS. Mu 2002, 70% AES idagulitsidwa pa 8,500 yuan / t. Ubwino wapadera wa AES ndikutsika pang'ono, kusungunuka kwamadzi bwino, kuyanjana bwino, ndikugwira bwino ntchito popewa kuwuma kwa khungu ndi kuwuma; Chosavuta ndichakuti kukhazikika pazama media acidic kumakhala kovuta pang'ono-pH iyenera kuyang'aniridwa kuti ikhale yayikulu kwambiri kuposa 4, ndipo chobwezeretsacho ndichotsika kuposa LAS, AS.

AS imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi ochapira madzi, samalani chikhalidwe cha pH-acidity siyokwera kwambiri; mchere wa ethanolamine kapena mchere wa ammonium uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu shampu; mchere wa ethanolamine kapena mchere wa ammonium nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito mumadzi osamba. Kugwiritsa ntchito mchere wa ethanolamine sikungowonjezera kukhazikika kwa asidi, komanso kumathandizira kuchepetsa kukwiya. 10% triethanolamine mchere wokondoweza index 3.0. Pafupipafupi pamagwiritsidwe a AS m'madzi otsukira mbale otsika ndi otsika, ndipo sagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mainactactant, ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwa chilinganizo ndi chaching'ono. Chifukwa chachikulu ndichakuti sizabwino kuchepetsa mtengo wazogulitsa. Kachiwiri, mtundu uwu wazinthu ulibe chilichonse chofunikira kuti uchite thobvu. AS imakhala nambala 5 pakupanga opanga opanga, ndipo mtengo wake umakhala wokwera kwambiri. Mu 2002, ufa wambiri unali ma 15,000 yuan / t. Kupatula kutulutsa thobvu komanso kutchinga kwamphamvu, AS siyabwino ngati AES mbali zina. Mwachitsanzo, kukana kwa asidi ndi kukhazikika kwake kumakulirako pang'ono, ndipo kuyabwa kumakhala kwakukulu-kocheperapo kuposa LAS, ndipo mtengo wake ndiwokwera kwambiri pakati pa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anionic surfactants.

3. Nonionic Surfactant

Mitundu yayikulu yamafuta osagwiritsa ntchito ma ionic ndi ma alkyl mowa amides (FFA), mafuta amtundu wa polyoxyethylene ethers (AE), alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ethers (APE kapena OP). Osagwiritsa ntchito ma ionic ali ndi solubilization yabwino, kutsuka, antistatic, kukwiya pang'ono, kupezeka kwa sopo wa calcium, ndi zina zambiri; mtundu wa pH weniweniwo ndi wokulirapo kuposa ma surfactants wamba a ionic; amachotsa dothi ndi thovu. , Zinthu zina nthawi zambiri zimakhala bwino kuposa ma anionic surfactants. Zofufuza zikuwonetsa kuti kuwonjezera pang'ono pokha pazinthu zopanda ionic kwa opanga ma ionic kumatha kukulitsa zochitika zapadziko lapansi poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimagwira.

Alkyl mowa amides ndi gulu la osagwira ma ionic omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino, magwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana komanso magwiritsidwe ntchito pafupipafupi. Amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zotsekemera zamadzi zosiyanasiyana. Alkyl mowa amides omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'madzi otsukira madzi ndi "2: 1 amide" ndi "1.5: 1 amide", ndi "1: 1 amide" atha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito. Mafotokozedwe atatuwa ali ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana potengera kusungunuka kwamadzi ndi kunenepa. Nthawi zambiri, "1.5: 1 amide" ndiyapakati, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsera. Nthawi zambiri, "1: 1 amide" imagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi zida zina zosungunulira madzi kuti zisungunuke mosavuta. Mankhwala amchere a alkyl ndi abwino kwambiri kwa zotsekemera zamchere, ndipo amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma acidic. Alkyl mowa amide ndi amodzi mwa otsika mtengo osagwira ma ionic, mtengo mu 2002 unali 7,800 yuan / t. Alkyl mowa amides amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza muzitsulo zamadzimadzi kuposa mafuta amadzimadzi a polyoxyethylene alcohol. Omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma shampoo nthawi zambiri amakhala amchere amchere. Zifukwa zake mwina: Ntchito zonse za FFA ndizabwino kapena kuposa AE; Zogulitsa FFA ndizotsika mtengo kuposa AE; Kusungunuka kwa FFA kuli bwino kuposa AE; Katundu wa thobvu wa FFA aposa AE.

4. Zwitterionic surfactants

Amphoteric surfactants amatanthauza ma surfactant omwe ali ndi magulu a anionic ndi cationic hydrophilic, kotero wopangirayu ndi cationic mu mayankho a acidic, anionic mu alkaline mayankho, komanso ofanana ndi mayankho osalowerera ndale. Amphoteric surfactants amatha kusungunuka mosavuta m'madzi, amatha kusungunuka mu asidi wambiri ndi mayankho a alkali, ndipo amatha kusungunuka mumayendedwe a mchere wambiri. Amakhala ndi madzi olimba kukana, khungu lochepa, kukhathamira bwino, komanso mawonekedwe antistatic. Zabwino, zimakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino za bakiteriya, ndipo zimagwirizana bwino ndi ma surfactants osiyanasiyana.

Zoterezi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamtundu wa pH, koma kuchokera pakuwona kwa dziko la ionic lolingana m'malo osiyana siyana amchere, magwiridwe antchito a acidic komanso osalowerera ndale ayenera kukhala abwinoko kuposa amchere. Nthawi zambiri, mtengo wama zwitterionic surfactants ndiwokwera kwambiri kuposa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma nonionic.

Mitundu yofunikira ya amphoteric surfactant imaphatikizapo dodecyl dimethyl betaine, carboxylate mtundu imidazoline ndi zina zotero. Poyerekeza ndi ma anionic surfactants, ma nonionic osagwira ntchito amakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito ambiri ndipo amalephera pang'ono-kungowachotsa ndikuwapopera thobvu ndi oyipitsitsa; poyerekeza ndi ma nonionic surfactants, zina mwazomwe zimapangidwa ndi amphoteric surfactants ndizabwino, magwiridwe ena sanabwerere m'mbuyo. Ogwiritsa ntchito amphoteric amatha kuchita thobvu bwino kuposa opanga ma nonionic - osachita bwino thobvu la AE; bacteric wabwino5. Cationic surfactant

Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya cationic monga cetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (1631), octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1831), cationic guar chingamu (C-14S), cationic panthenol, cationic Silicone mafuta, dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide (OB-2) ndi zina zotero. Cationic surfactants ndi osiyana ndi ena ochita mafunde. Amakhala ndi zotchinga zochepa komanso amatulutsa thovu, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi poyizoni wokwiya (wotsika).

Ma Cationic surfactants amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati othandizira kugwiritsira ntchito zotsekemera zamadzimadzi-chinthu chophatikizira chokhala ndi chilinganizo chochepa; Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapulogalamu apamwamba, makamaka ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ochapira tsitsi. Opanga ma Cationic sagwirizana mwachindunji ndi ma anionic surfactants. Kuphatikizana kwa ma cations ndi anions kumatha kubweretsa zotsatira zabwino, koma chiopsezo cha mpweya (crystallization) ndi chachikulu.

Pali mitundu yambiri yamagetsi yama cationic yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu shamposi, ndipo pafupipafupi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kamakhalanso kobalalika-m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito mtundu umodzi kapena ziwiri mwamphamvu, nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kukhala opangira. Opanga ma Cationic ali ndi gawo locheperako mwa opanga mafunde, ndipo mitengo yawo nthawi zambiri imakhala yokwera mtengo kuposa mitundu ina ya opanga mafunde. Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ingapo yama surfactants, opanga ma cationic ali ndi kusintha kwakutchuka kwambiri komanso mphamvu yayikulu ya bakiteriya; ngakhale kuli zovuta zoyipa zotsuka, kuchita thovu, kusagwirizana bwino, kukwiya kwambiri, komanso mtengo wokwera, ndizo zida zowongolera zida zam'madzi zotsekemera zomwe sizingasinthidwe ndi mitundu ina ya opanga mafunde. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti opanga ma cationic amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati othandizira kapena ma bactericides.