Abstract: Amakambirana za ntchito ya opanga mafunde, monga kunyowetsa, kumwaza, kusungunula, kusungunula, kuchita thobvu, kuipitsa, kutsuka ndikuchotsa zodula, ndi zina zambiri, kukhazikitsa magawidwe a opanga mafunde, komanso kuyambitsa zinthu zingapo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri Mtumiki. Ndipo udindo wazodzola, zotsukira, mankhwala, chakudya. Njira yakukula kwa omwe akugwira ntchito pamafotokozedwa.

1. Gulu la opanga mafunde

Pali njira zambiri zogwiritsa ntchito opanga ma surfactant, omwe amagawidwa malinga ndi omwe amapangira ma surfactants. Ma Surfactants nthawi zambiri amagawika m'magulu atatu: opanga opanga, othandizira zachilengedwe ndi opanga ma virus.

Ochita opaleshoni amatha kugawidwa m'magulu anayi: anionic, cationic, zwitterionic ndi nonionic kutengera mtundu wa ayoni wopangidwa ndi gulu la hydrophilic. Omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, omwe ma hydrophobic base ndi gulu lama hydrocarbon, amathanso kukhala ndi zinthu monga oxygen, nayitrogeni, sulfa, klorini, bromine, ndi ayodini mu molekyulu, ndipo amatchedwa opangira ma hydrocarbon kapena ma surfactant wamba. Ma Surfactants okhala ndi fluorine, silicon, phosphorous ndi boron amatchedwa ma surfactants apadera. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa fluorine, silicon, phosphorous, boron ndi zinthu zina kumapangitsa opanga mafunde kukhala apadera komanso magwiridwe antchito. Opanga ma fluorine omwe ali ndi mitundu yamafuta ndiimodzi mwamitundu yofunikira kwambiri yama surfactants apadera.

2. Udindo waukulu wama surfactants

(1) Emulsification: Chifukwa cha kukhathamira kwapamwamba kwamafuta m'madzi, mafutawo akadalowetsedwa m'madzi, akuyambitsa mwamphamvu, mafutawo amathyoledwa kukhala mikanda yabwino ndikusakanikirana ndi emulsion, koma kuyambitsa kumayima ndikubwerera zigawo. Mukawonjezera munthu wogwira mafunde ndikusuntha mwamphamvu, sikungakhale kosavuta kupatukana kwa nthawi yayitali mutayima, komwe ndi emulsification. Cholinga chake ndikuti hydrophobicity yamafuta imazunguliridwa ndi gulu la hydrophilic la wothandizirayo, ndikupangitsa chidwi, kuchepetsa ntchito yomwe amafunikira kuti mafuta azibalalika m'madzi, ndikupangitsa mafuta kukhala abwino. Kuti

(2) Kuthira madzi: Nthawi zambiri pamakhala ulusi wa sera, mafuta kapena zonunkhira zolumikizidwa kumtunda kwa gawo, lomwe ndi hydrophobic. Chifukwa cha kuipitsa kwa zinthuzi, pamwamba pazigawo sikophweka kunyowetsedwa ndi madzi. Ma ma surfactant akawonjezeredwa pamadzimadzi amadzimadzi, madontho amadzi m'magawowa amabalalika mosavuta, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kukhathamira kwa magawo ndikukwaniritsa cholinga chonyowetsa. Kuti

(3) Solubilization: zinthu zamafuta zimatha "kusungunuka" mutatha kuwonjezera ma surfactant, koma kusungaku kumatha kuchitika kokha pamene ndende ya wothamangitsayo ifika pamlingo wovuta wa colloid. Kusungunuka kumakhazikitsidwa ndi chinthu chosungunulira ndipo Zimadalira mtundu. Ponena za kusungunuka, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga ma hydrocarbon tating'onoting'ono timalimba kwambiri kuposa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta ma hydrocarbon, unyolo wa hydrocarbon wolimba ndi wamphamvu kuposa unyolo wa hydrocarbon wosasungunuka, komanso kusungunuka kwa osagwiritsa ntchito ma nonionic nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofunika kwambiri. Kuti

(4) Kubalalika zotsatira: tinthu tolimba monga fumbi ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndizosavuta kuphatikizika pamodzi, ndipo ndizosavuta kukhazikika m'madzi. Mamolekyu a opanga mafunde amatha kugawaniza tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, tomwe timabalalika ndikuyimitsidwa munjira. Chitani nawo gawo polimbikitsa kufalikira kwa yunifolomu yamitundu yolimba. (5) Chithovu: Kapangidwe ka chithovu makamaka ndikoyang'ana kwamphamvu kwa wothandizirayo, komwe kumachitika chifukwa chakuchepa kwamavuto apakati pa mpweya ndi magawo amadzi. Kawirikawiri, otsika-molekyulu othandizira othandizira amakhala osavuta kuchita thovu, ma molekyulu othamanga kwambiri amakhala ndi thovu locheperako, myristic acid wachikasu ali ndi katundu wophulika kwambiri, ndipo sodium stearate imakhala ndi zinthu zoopsa kwambiri. Ogwiritsa ntchito a Anionic ali ndi katundu wophulika thobvu komanso kukhazikika kwa thovu kuposa non-ionic. Mwachitsanzo, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate ili ndi katundu wolimba wa thovu. Omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofiyira amaphatikizira mafuta amafuta amafuta, carboxymethyl cellulose, ndi zina zambiri, ndipo zotsekemera za thovu zimaphatikizapo mafuta acids, fatty acid esters, polyethers, ndi zina zambiri.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Surfactant

Kugwiritsa ntchito opanga mafunde atha kugawidwa m'magulu aboma ndi mafakitale. Malinga ndi chidziwitso, magawo awiri mwa atatu amtundu wa anthu wamba omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza; zodzikongoletsera zopangidwa ndi imodzi mwamisika yayikulu kwambiri yogula ma surfactants. Zogulitsa zimaphatikizapo kutsuka ufa, zotsukira zamadzi, zotsukira kutsuka mbale ndi zinthu zingapo zapakhomo. Zida zotsukira ndi zoteteza monga: shampu, mafuta opaka, kirimu wa tsitsi, gel osakaniza, mafuta odzola, toner, choyeretsera nkhope, ndi zina zotero. Maofesi opanga maofesi ndi omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito m'mafakitole ena kupatulapo anthu wamba. Magawo ake ogwiritsira ntchito akuphatikiza nsalu, mafakitale azitsulo, utoto, utoto, mafakitale amtundu wa pigment, mafakitale a pulasitiki, mafakitale azakudya, makampani opanga mapepala, Makampani azikopa, kufufuza mafuta, mafakitale a zomangira, mafakitale amigodi, mafakitale amagetsi, etc. .

3.1.1 Wogwiritsa ntchito zodzoladzola

Ma Surfactants amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zodzoladzola zosiyanasiyana monga ma emulsifiers, zotsekemera, zotsekemera, zofewetsera, zopangira madzi, ma bactericides, othandizira, zosungunulira, zoteteza ku antistatic, utoto wa tsitsi, ndi zina zotero. Ma non-ionic ophatikizira amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zodzoladzola chifukwa sizimakhumudwitsa ndipo n'zogwirizana mosavuta ndi zigawo zina. Nthawi zambiri, ndi mafuta acid esters komanso ma polyether.

3.1.2 Zofunikira pakhungu lodzikongoletsa kwa ochita mafunde

Zolemba zodzikongoletsera ndizosiyana komanso zovuta. Kuphatikiza pa zopangira mafuta ndi madzi, palinso ma surfactant osiyanasiyana, zotetezera, oonetsera ndi mitundu ya nkhumba, ndi zina zambiri, zomwe ndi zamagawo angapo obalalika. Pogwiritsa ntchito zodzikongoletsera zowonjezereka ndi zofunikira zogwirira ntchito, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamagetsi yogwiritsira ntchito zodzoladzola ikukulirakulira. Ma Surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zodzoladzola sayenera kukhala ndi khungu, osakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa, komanso amakwaniritsa zofunikira zopanda mtundu, osakhala fungo losasangalatsa komanso kukhazikika kwakukulu.

3.2 Kugwiritsa ntchito ma surfactant muma detergent

Ochita opaleshoni amakhala ndi ntchito yoyeretsa ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndipo akhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri pazinthu zotsuka. Surfactant ndiye gawo lalikulu la detergent. Imalumikizana ndi dothi komanso pakati pa dothi ndi yolimba (monga kunyowetsa, kulowa mkati, kusungunula, kusungunula, kufalikira, kutulutsa thovu, ndi zina zambiri) ndikugwiritsa ntchito Makina oyambitsa kupeza kutsuka. Omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ma anionic ndi ma nonionic surfactants. Ma cationic ndi amphoteric opanga mawonekedwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha pakupanga mitundu ina yapadera ndi ntchito zama detergent. Mitundu yayikulu ndi LAS (ponena za alkyl benzene sulfonate), AES (fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulphate), MES (α-sulfonic acid fatty acid salt), AOS (α-alkenyl sulfonate), Alkyl polyoxyethylene ether, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, mafuta asidi diethanolamine, mtundu wa amino acid, mtundu wa betaine, ndi zina zambiri.

3.3 Kugwiritsa ntchito kwama surfactants mumakampani azakudya

3.3.1 Ma emulsifiers azakudya ndi ma thickeners Udindo wofunikira kwambiri wa ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi pamakampani azakudya ndi kukhala opangira emulsifiers komanso thickeners. Phospholipids ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri emulsifiers komanso otetezera. Kuphatikiza pa phospholipids, ma emulsifiers omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafuta acid glycerides S, makamaka monoglyceride T, fatty acid sucrose esters, fatty acid sorbitan esters, fatty acid propylene glycol esters, soya phospholipids, chingamu arabic, alginic acid, sodium caseinate, Gelatin ndi dzira yolk etc. Thickeners adagawika m'magulu awiri: zachilengedwe komanso zopangidwa ndi mankhwala. Zowononga zachilengedwe zimaphatikizapo wowuma, chingamu cha arabic, guar chingamu, carrageenan, pectin, agar, ndi alginic acid wopangidwa kuchokera kuzomera ndi udzu wam'madzi. Palinso gelatin, casein ndi sodium caseinate zopangidwa kuchokera ku nyama ndi zomera zomwe zimakhala ndi mapuloteni. Ndipo chingamu cha xanthan chimapangidwa ndi tizilomboto. Omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mafuta ndi sodium carboxymethyl cellulose: @ :, propylene glycol alginate, cellulose glycolic acid ndi sodium polyacrylate, sodium starch glycolate, sodium starch phosphate, methyl cellulose ndi polyacrylic acid Sodium etc.

3.3.2 zotetezera zakudya Rhamnose esters ali ndi zida zina za antibacterial, antiviral ndi anti-mycoplasma. Sucrose esters imakhalanso ndi mphamvu yochepetsera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, makamaka mabakiteriya a Gram-positive.

3.3.3 Omwaza chakudya, othandizira thovu, ndi zina zambiri. Kuphatikiza pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati opangira mafuta opangira mankhwala komanso opangira zakudya, opangira ma surfactant atha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati othandizira, kunyowetsa, opangira thobvu, opondereza, owongolera ma crystallization, Sterilize ndikuchulukitsa nthawi yosungira chakudya . Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezera 0.2-0.3% soya phospholipids mukamayaka mkaka wonse ufa ungapangitse kuti hydrophilicity ndi kufalikira, ndipo utha kusungunuka mwachangu popanda kuphatikizana pokonzekera. Popanga makeke ndi ayisikilimu, kuwonjezera mafuta a glycerol acid ndi mafuta a sucrose kumatha kukhala ndi thovu, lomwe limathandizira kupanga thovu lambiri. Popanga mkaka wokhazikika ndi zinthu za soya, kuwonjezera glycerol fatty acid kumawonjezera vuto.

3.3.4 Kugwiritsa ntchito m'zigawo ndi kupatukana kwa mitundu, zonunkhira, zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito mwachilengedwe komanso zopangira

M'zaka zaposachedwa, opanga mafunde akhala akugwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga ndikulekanitsa zopangira zachilengedwe monga chakudya, zotsekemera, zosakaniza, zopangira zamoyo ndi zopangira.

3.4 Kugwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants pantchito zamankhwala

Ma Surfactants ali ndi ntchito yonyowa, emulsifying, solubilizing, ndi zina zambiri, chifukwa chake amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira mankhwala, makamaka muukadaulo wamagetsi wamagetsi omwe apangidwa m'zaka zaposachedwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ma surfactants amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati othandizira kusintha magawo, omwe angasinthe kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka kwa ayoni, potero kumawonjezera kuyambiranso kwa ayoni, ndikupangitsa kuti magwiridwe antchito ayende bwino kwambiri, ndikukonzanso magwiridwe antchito. Ma Surfactants nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosungunulira komanso othandizira pakuwunika, makamaka pamankhwala opangira mawonekedwe a fluorescence. Ponena za kupha tizilombo pakhungu, bala kapena mabakiteriya am'mimba, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tisanachite opareshoni m'makampani opanga mankhwala, opanga ma surfactant amatha kulumikizana mwamphamvu ndi mapuloteni a bakiteriya kuti apange kapena kutaya ntchito, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma bactericides ndi ma disinfectants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

4. Kukula kwapangidwe ka opanga mafunde

Malangizo akutukuka a opanga mafunde adzawonetsedwa motere:

4.1 Bwererani ku chilengedwe;

4.2 Sinthanitsani mankhwala owopsa;

4.3 Sambani ndikugwiritsa ntchito firiji;

4.4 Gwiritsani ntchito m'madzi olimba popanda zowonjezera;

Kutetezedwa kwa chilengedwe komwe kumatha kusamalira madzi amafuta, madzi owononga, fumbi, ndi zina zotero.

4.6 Ma Surfactants omwe angapangitse kuti magwiritsidwe ntchito amchere, mafuta, ndikupanga;

4.7 Ogwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana;

4.8 Ma Surfactants omwe adakonzedwa kuchokera kuzinyalala zamakampani kapena zamatawuni kutengera bioengineering;

4.9 Gwiritsaninso ntchito mwaluso kwambiri wokhala ndi magwiridwe antchito omwe amapangidwa ndiukadaulo wopanga.